$$Practically, estimate $V_k\approx V^{\alpha_k}$ via Monte Carlo simulations of closed-loop SDE and fit $V_\theta$ through regression.
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Each ray starts with some randomized power (0.7 + random * 0.6), then steps forward in 0.3-block increments. Each block it passes through subtracts its explosion resistance from the remaining power. When power hits zero, the ray stops. This is basically a voxelized pressure wave simulation. No spatial queries, no physics broadphase, just marching through a grid subtracting numbers. It’s why obsidian walls stop TNT and why dirt doesn’t.